nationalism

Nationalism

In the contemporary world ,states are also nations. while the states is a political entity ,the nation is an ethnic or social entity. When these are two entities combine they from a nation-state.
The citizens of a national experience a common identity stemming from a shared community,history,language,religion ,race ,or ideology.nationalism is the emotional cement that binds a people together to make a nationalit ;it is in marked by loyality and devotion to a nation that exalt it above all other nations. At least since the French revolution in the late eighteenth century ,nationalism has been the driving force in the creation of new states. Born in Europe ,nationalism was the primary force in the transformation of European colonies into independent states following world war 2; it has now spread to all the world.
In the twentieth century it became a widely accepted principle that each national community merits its own government and political independence .self determination,however,has its practical limits.in recent years ,several very small state have entered the united nations ,although their political and economic viability is highly questionable . at a time when sizable European states have begun a process of integration to overcome the liabilities of “smallness” the emergence of so many ministates in the past half century is a gross anomaly .the basic principles of self determination also threatens the stability of older states that contain two or more add ethnic groups,as witnessed by the separaties movements in Canada,Belgium,and spain .ironicaly ,many new states In Africa that owe their birth to the principle off national self determination may eventually founder on divisive tribal loyalities that take precedence over national loyalties . the tragic civil war in nigeria in the 1960s and the recent collapse of somalia have emphasized the formidable obstacles to nation building in a multiethnic state.
However , for the most part the states of the world command the loyalities of their people and may be accurately as nation state, namely , a form of political organization were buy a relatively homogeneus people inhabits a sovereign state. because the citizens of a modern state share a common national society and culture, national boundaries carry a sociocultural significance as well as a politicall one.

adverbial clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause :

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:
* Go where you like.
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction, seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

* As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
* Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
* Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
* He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

* He did as I told him.
* You may finish it how you like.
* They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

* They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
* She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
* He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
* I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

* Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
* It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
* The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
* The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

* The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
* I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

* He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
* The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

* It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
* It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

* She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
* They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
* Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
* This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.