hellen keller biography

Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,[3] that Helen's grandfather had built decades earlier.[4] Helen's father, Arthur H. Keller,[5] spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army.[4] Helen's paternal grandmother was the second cousin of Robert E. Lee.[6] Helen's mother, Kate Adams,[7] was the daughter of Charles Adams.[8] Though originally from Massachusetts, Charles Adams also fought for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, earning the rank of brigadier-general.[6]

Helen's father's lineage can be traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland.[6][9] Coincidentally, one of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich.[6] Helen reflects upon this coincidence in her first autobiography, stating "that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his."[6]

Helen Keller was not born blind and deaf; it was not until she was 19 months old that she contracted an illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington,[10] the six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who understood her signs; by the age of seven, she had over 60 home signs to communicate with her family.

In 1886, her mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched young Helen, accompanied by her father, to seek out Dr. J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.[11] He subsequently put them in touch with Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised the couple to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anaganos, the school's director, asked former student Anne Sullivan, herself visually impaired and only 20 years old, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long relationship, Sullivan evolving into governess and then eventual companion.

Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first, because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the doll. [12] Keller's big breakthrough in communication came the next month, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.

Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile. Both her eyes were replaced in adulthood with glass replicas for "medical and cosmetic reasons".[13
Starting in May, 1888, Keller attended the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1894, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College, where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm
Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.[14]
Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Anne married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thompson was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who didn't have experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.[15]

Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens together with Anne and John, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of American Foundation for the Blind.[16]

After Anne died in 1936, Keller and Thompson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funding for the blind. Thompson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered, and died in 1960.[1]

Winnie Corbally, a nurse who was originally brought in to care for Thompson in 1957, stayed on after her death and was Keller's companion for the rest of her life.[1]Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She was a suffragist, a pacifist, an opponent of Woodrow Wilson, a radical socialist and a birth control supporter. In 1915 she and George Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920 she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller and Sullivan traveled to over 39 countries, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain.

Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency.

Keller and her friend Mark Twain were both considered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century, and as a consequence, their political views have been forgotten or glossed over in popular perception.[18] Newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development." Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views:
“ At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that I blush to remember them. But now that I have come out for socialism he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error. I must have shrunk in intelligence during the years since I met him...Oh, ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind and deaf, it defends an intolerable system, a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent.[19] ”

Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (known as the IWW or the Wobblies) in 1912,[18] saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW,[20] Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:
“ I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I, who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness. ”

The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a frequent cause of the latter, and the latter a leading cause of blindness.Later life

Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.[1]

On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' highest two civilian honors.[27] In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair.[1]

Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thompson.

article direct and indirect

A Direct to Indirect
While reporting Assertive sentences indirectly, observe the following rules:-
1 The Reporting Verb - say - is changed into - tell - if there is an object after it, otherwise it remains unchanged.
2 Remove the comma and the inverted commas and start the reported speech with the Conjunction -that.
3 Nouns or Pronouns in the vocative case are treated as objects of their verbs.
4 Changes of tenses, pronouns and the words showing nearness are carried on accordingly.
5 Other general rules are to be observed.
Late is better than never
Observe the following examples:
1 The teacher said, "Raju, you are a lazy boy." (Direct)
The teacher told Raju that he was a lazy boy. (Indirect)
2 He said to me, "I do not like your habits." (Direct)
He told me that he did not like my habits. (Indirect)
3 The teacher said, "I shall not take my class today." (direct)
The teacher said that he would not take his class that day. (Indirect)
4 Mother said to me, "You are just like your father." (Direct)
Mother told me that I was just like my father. (Indirect)
B Indirect to Direct
While changing Assertive Sentences from Indirect form to Direct Form of speech the rules given above are reversed.
Observe the following examples:
1 He told his mother that he would become a brave general one day. (Indirect)
He said, "Mother, I shall become a brave general one day." (Direct)
2 I told Mala that I would see her the following day. (Indirect)
I said to Mala, "I shall see you tomorrow." (Direct)
3 You told her that you had done it. (Indirect)
You said to her, "I have done it." (Direct)
4 The Angel told Abu that his name was not there in that book. (Indirect)
The Angel said, "Abu, your name is not there in this book." (Direct)
Conversion of Interrogative Sentences

A Direct to Indirect
While reporting Interrogative Sentences, beginning with Auxiliary Verbs, indirectly, observe the following rules:-
1 The Reporting Verb - say - is changed into - ask or inquire etc. if there is an object after the reporting verb.
2 Remove the comma and the inverted commas and start the reported speech with the conjunction - if or whether.
3 Change the interrogative form of the reported speech into Assertive form (Helping Verb after Subject).
4 Nouns or Pronouns in the vocative case are treated as objects of their verbs.
5 Other general rules are observed too.
Observe the following examples:
1 The Visitor said to me, "Is your father at home?" (Direct)
The visitor asked me if my father was at home. (Indirect)
2 Netaji said to his men, "Are you ready to die for your country?" (Direct)
Netaji asked his men if they were ready to die for their country. (Indirect)
3 The host said to the guest, "Would you like to have a cup of tea?" (Direct)
The host asked the guest if he would like to have a cup of tea. (Indirect)
4 Sohan said, "May I use your pen, Mohan?" (Direct)
Sohan asked Mohan if he might use his pen. (Indirect)
5 The clerk said to his officer, "Shall I type this letter again, Sir?" (Direct)
The clerk asked his officer respectfully if he should type that letter again. (Indirect)
Never speak ill of others
6 The crow said, "Are the grapes sour, Mr. Fox?" (Direct)
The crow asked the fox if the grapes were sour. (Indirect)

B Indirect to Direct
While changing this type of interrogative sentence from Indirect to Direct Form of Speech the rules given above are reversed.
Observe the following examples:
1 He asked me if the should open the window. (Indirect)
He said to me, "Should I open the window?" (Direct)
2 The traveller asked the man if he could tell him the way to the nearest inn. (Indirect)
The traveller said to the man, "Can you tell me the way to the nearest inn?" (Direct)
3 I asked Rakesh if he would go with us for a picinic. (Indirect)
I said, "Will you go with us for a picnic, Rakesh?" (Direct)

C Direct to Indirect
While reporting Interrogative Sentences, starting with (What, Why, How, When, ….. etc) indirectly,
Observe the following rules:
1 The Reporting Verb - say - is changed into - ask or inquire - etc. if there is an Object after the Reporting Verb.
2 Remove the comma and the inverted commas and start the Reported Speech with the Interrogative word itself.
3 Change the Interrogative Form of the Reported Speech into Assertive form (Helping Verb after Subject).
4 Nouns and Pronouns in the vocative case are treated as Objects of their verbs.
5 Other general rules are to be observed too.
Observe the following examples:
1 The teacher said to Gopal, "Why are you late?" (Direct)
The teacher asked Gopal why he was late. (Indirect)
2 Geeta said to Suresh, "Why did you break my slate?" (Direct)
Geeta asked to Suresh why he had broken her slate. (Indirect)
3 He said to me, "How have you done this sum?" (Direct)
He asked me how I had done that sum. (Indirect)
4 Raman said to the policeman, "Which is the short-cut to the railway-station?" (Direct)
Raman asked the policeman which the short-cut to
the railway-station. (Indirect)
D Indirect to Direct
Observe the following examples:
1 She asked me what my name was. (Indirect)
She said to me, "What is your name?" (Direct)
2 Ram asked her where she lived. (Indirect)
Ram said to her, "Where do you live?" (Direct)
3 The lady asked Ramesh when he had met her brother. (Indirect)
The lady said to Ramesh, "When did you meet my brother?" (Direct)
As many mouths, as many tongues.

DIRECT dan INDIRECT

"pengertian DIRECT dan INDIRECT speech
penjelasan direct and indirect speech
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech

Simple present

Present continuous

Present perfect

Present perfect continuous

Simple past

Past continuous

Future

Present
Indirect Speech

Simple past

Past continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past

Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech

this = ini

these = ini

come = datang

here = di sini, ke sini

hence = dari sini

hither = ke tempat ini

ago = yang lalu

now = sekarang

today = hari ini

tomorrow = besok

yesterday = kemarin

last night = tadi malam

next week = minggu depan

thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech

that = itu

those = itu

go = pergi

there = di sana, ke sana

thence = dari sana

thither = ke tempat itu

before = lebih dahulu

then = pada waktu itu

that day = hari itu

next day = hari berikutnya

the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

the following week = minggu berikutnya

so = begitu

He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

article active and passive voice

Electronics


Electronics plays a part in almost everyone life.radio and television sets are electronics devices .so are tape recorders and video or movie cameras and their projectors.doctors and dentist use x-ray machines,one of the first electronic inventions.in a long distance phone call,your voice is relayed over a great distance by other electronic devices.
Electronics is also important in industry,large x-ray machines are used to ‘see’ trought as much 10 to 20 inches of solid metal,in this way engineers can detect weaknesses inside such things as welded pipes ,airplane wings ,and railroad-car wheels.another electronic device counts cant oving alon a belt in a canning factory.if a dented can comes along,an electronically controlled steel bar pushes the dented can off the belt.
Electronic instrument are important in scientific research.atomic physicists work with giant electronic machines called particle accelerators.these accelerators are also called atom smashers.scientists turn to electronic computers to do huge amount calculating.electronic miscroscopes magnify very small things far beyond the power of any kind of microscope.
Radar ia another valuable electronic invention.it guides airplanes into crowded airpots,even when the ground is covered by fog.it enables pilots to locate and fly around storm high above the earth.missiles,earth orbiting satellites,and space probes are tracked by means or radar

example active and passive voice

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
• Active : He meets them everyday.
• Passive : They are met by him everyday.
• Active : She waters this plant every two days.
• Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.


b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
• Active : He met them yesterday
• Passive : They were met by him yesterday
• Active : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
• Active : He has met them
• Passive : They have been met by him
• Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
• Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
• Active : He had met them before I came.
• Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
• Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
• Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
• Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
• Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
• Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
• Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

materi active and passive voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
• Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: the soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
• Active : she meets them everyday.
• Passive : They are met by her everyday.
• Active : She waters this plant every five days.
• Passive : This plant is watered by her every five days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
• Active : she met them yesterday
• Passive : They were met by her yesterday
• Active : he watered this plant this morning
• Passive : This plant was watered by him this morning
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
• Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
• Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
• Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week


Passive : The crop h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
• Active : He is meeting them now.
• Passive : They are being met by him now.
• Active : She is watering this plant now.
• Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
• Active : He has been meeting them.
• Passive : They have been being met by him.
• Active : She has been watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.










• Penggunaan kalimat pasif:
a. ‘By’ digunakan dalam kalimat pasif apabila pelaku pekerjaan perlu untuk diketahui.
Contoh:
‘Life on the Mississippi’ was written by Mark Twain.
b. Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila tidak perlu diketahui pelaku pekerjaan.
Contoh:
The streets are swept every day.
• c. Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila kita tidak tahu atau lupa siapa pelaku pekerjaan.
Contoh:
The professor was murdered.
• d. Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila subject pada kalimat aktif adalah ‘people’.
Contoh:
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods. (People suspect him of …)
e. Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila subject pada kalimat aktif berupa indefinite pronoun ‘one’.
Contoh:
Active : One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere.
Passive : This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
• f. Kalimat pasif digunakan apabila kita lebih tertarik dengan pekerjaan (action) daripada siapa pelaku pekerjaan.
Cotoh:
A new public library is being built.
• g. Kalimat pasif dapat digunakan untuk menghindari kalimat yang janggal atau tidak sesuai dengan tata bahasa.
Contoh:
When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
Akan lebih baik :
When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective).

nationalism

Nationalism

In the contemporary world ,states are also nations. while the states is a political entity ,the nation is an ethnic or social entity. When these are two entities combine they from a nation-state.
The citizens of a national experience a common identity stemming from a shared community,history,language,religion ,race ,or ideology.nationalism is the emotional cement that binds a people together to make a nationalit ;it is in marked by loyality and devotion to a nation that exalt it above all other nations. At least since the French revolution in the late eighteenth century ,nationalism has been the driving force in the creation of new states. Born in Europe ,nationalism was the primary force in the transformation of European colonies into independent states following world war 2; it has now spread to all the world.
In the twentieth century it became a widely accepted principle that each national community merits its own government and political independence .self determination,however,has its practical limits.in recent years ,several very small state have entered the united nations ,although their political and economic viability is highly questionable . at a time when sizable European states have begun a process of integration to overcome the liabilities of “smallness” the emergence of so many ministates in the past half century is a gross anomaly .the basic principles of self determination also threatens the stability of older states that contain two or more add ethnic groups,as witnessed by the separaties movements in Canada,Belgium,and spain .ironicaly ,many new states In Africa that owe their birth to the principle off national self determination may eventually founder on divisive tribal loyalities that take precedence over national loyalties . the tragic civil war in nigeria in the 1960s and the recent collapse of somalia have emphasized the formidable obstacles to nation building in a multiethnic state.
However , for the most part the states of the world command the loyalities of their people and may be accurately as nation state, namely , a form of political organization were buy a relatively homogeneus people inhabits a sovereign state. because the citizens of a modern state share a common national society and culture, national boundaries carry a sociocultural significance as well as a politicall one.